Barrier agent: Its thick, viscous nature, makes a barrier on the skin to help protect the skin against chafing and irritation caused by water and other irritant.

Excellent skin moisturiser and conditioner: Moisturisers containing glycerin can produce long-lasting moisturisation by minimising water loss¹ .

Helps protect against dehydration effects of washing: Glycerin in a topical emulsion has been shown to help prevent the dehydration effects of washing the skin, including when Sodium Lauryl Sulphate is used as the detergent¹.

Helps to retain moisture in the skin: At high humidity, Glycerin acts as a humectant, while at low humidity it acts as a skin moisturiser and conditioner by inhibiting lipid phase transition².

1. Rawlings AV, Canestrari DA, Dobkowski B. Moisturizer technology versus clinical performance. Dermatologic Therapy 2004;17(s1):49–56.

2. Greive K. Glycerine: The Naturally Effective Humectant. Dermatological Nursing 2012; 11(1): 30-34.

Helps maintain skin barrier function: Niacinamide has been shown to help maintain the skin barrier function³. 

Helps to moisturise dry skin: The topical application of Niacinamide is shown to reduce transepidermal water loss⁴. 

Helps to improve the appearance of skin tone and texture: Topical application of Niacinamide was shown to improve the appearance of aged and photodamaged skin and a reduction in the appearance of hyperpigmentation⁵.

3. Tanno O, Ota Y, Kitamura N, Katsube T and Inoue S. Nicotinamide increases biosynthesis of ceramides as well as other stratum corneum lipids to improve the epidermal permeability barrier. Brit J Dermatol. 2000; 143:524-531.

4. Soma Y, Kashima M, Imaizumi A et al. Moisturising effects of topical nicotinamide on atopic dry skin. Int J Dermatol 2005 ; 43:197-202.

5. Matts PJ, Oblong JE and Bissett DL. A review of the range of effects of niacinamide in human skin. IFSCC Magazine. 2002; 5(4):285-289.

Hydrating: Dexpathenol when applied topically functions like a moisturiser which can help improve skin hydration, reduce transepidermal water loss and help maintain skin softness and elasticity⁶. 

6. Ebner F, Heller A, Rippke F, Tausch I. Topical use of dexpanthenol in skin disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol 2002; 3(6): 427-433.37.

Suitable for everyday use: A review of the available literature has shown topical Paraffinum Liquidum is well tolerated and can be used daily⁷.  

Non-comedogenic: Highly refined and purified mineral oils, such as Paraffinum Liquidum found in cosmetic and skincare products are non-comedogenic⁸ (does not clog pores).

Excellent moisturising ingredient: Paraffinum liquidum keeps the skin moist and supple by providing an emollient film and reducing the transepidermal water loss⁹.

7. Nash JF, Gettings SD, Diembeck W, Chudowski M, Kraus AL. A toxicological review of topical exposure to white mineral oils. Food Chem Toxicol 1996; 34(2): 213-225.

8. DiNardo JC. Is mineral oil comedogenic? J Cosmet Dermatol 2005;4(1):2–3.

9. Rawlings AV and Lombard KJ. A review on the extensive benefits of mineral oil. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2012; 34: 511-518.

Reduces transepidermal water loss:The topical application of petroleum helps hydrate the skin by forming an occlusive layer on the skin which reduces transepidermal water loss¹⁰.  

10. Loden M. The increase in skin hydration after application of emollients with different amounts of lipids. Acta Derm-Venereol Stockh 1992;72:327–330.

Well tolerated: An ingredient included in various cosmetics at a range of concentrations¹².

Moisturising: Squalane possesses emollient, lubricant and humectant properties¹³. It can also contribute to skin suppleness¹³.

11. Busch J. Final report on the safety assessment of squalane and squalene. International Journal of Toxicology 1982;1(2):37–56.

12. Rosenthal ML. Squalane: the natural moisturizer. In: Schlossman MI, editor. The chemistry and manufacture of cosmetics.Illinois: Allured Publishing Corporation; 2002. p869-875.

13. Sweetman SC. Martindale - Squalane. In: Martindale 35th Edition. United Kingdom: Pharmaceutical Press, London,UK; 2007. page 1850.

Helps hydrate skin: Vitamin E helps hydrate the skin¹⁵, increase elasticity and skin barrier function¹⁶, and smooth fine lines and wrinkles¹⁷.

Antioxidant: Vitamin E is an antioxidant.

14. Keen MA, Hassan I. Vitamin E in dermatology. Indian Dermatol Online J 2016;7(4):311–5.

15. Möller H, Ansmann A, Wallat S. The effects of Vitamin E on the skin in topical applications. Lecture presented at the DGF Vitamin E symposium in Bochum, March 4,1989.

16. Idson B. Vitamins in emolliency and moisturizing preparations. Cosmetics and Toiletries 1976;93(8):77-79.

17. Mayer P. The effects of vitamin E on the skin. Cosmetics & Toiletries 1993;108:99–109.

Skin Protectant: Zinc oxide possesses barrier properties and can be used to help protect the skin against irritation.